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[Updated: 2024.11.30]
Pangean Anatolia ) cBCE14Cent 350x235.png "ᴷH•ãrꞋrian aka Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan aka Kitim") |
 cBCE14Cent 800x531.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} ≈BCE 3000–1600 KʰãrꞋri aka ᵏHa•tᵊtū´sha aka Kit•imꞋ |
Note: To the time of this publication—of my research, modern archaeologists remain baffled by the puzzles of ancient Mediterranean history; unable to distinguish various "Sea Peoples" or a mysterious ancient superpower exhibiting extraordinary scientific technological achievements and advanced culture. Some claimed this people (among other ancient civilizations) were extraterrestrial aliens. In 1900 CE, a modern British "Indiana Jones" explorer (arts-degreed archaeologist, Arthur Evans) fabricated a name for this unidentified people based on one of their myths , a king named Minos—and presto! A mythical people named "Minoans" became misassociated with hard physical archaeological evidence of the extraordinary ancient Mediterranean maritime superpower civilization at the critical moment and juncture of the early Asian-European fusion into EurAsia (Anatolia: modern Turkey) of the northern Mediterranean coastlands. (Evans was not alone. In the 1920s CE, another British "Indiana Jane" explorer (arts-degreed archaeologist), Dorothy Garrod, dreamed-up the "Natufians", another nonexistent (unidentified) "people", similarly imagineered, to go along with her archaeological excavations.)
Background (in contextual order): Kᵊrit•imꞋ, ÕdãmꞋ, Kit•imꞋ, Æsh, I•vᵊr•itꞋ
Ancient Seafaring & Maritime Pre-History — Stone tools and traces left on a rhinoceros skeleton suggest that early hominids crossed the sea and colonized the Philippine island of Luzon in a time frame as early as 777,000 to 631,000 years ago.
Upper Palaeolithic"Much visible evidence of the earliest cultures of Anatolia may have been lost owing to the large rise in sea levels that followed the end of the last Ice Age (about 10,000 years ago) and to deposition of deep alluvium in many coastal and inland valleys. Nevertheless, there are widespread—though little studied—signs of human occupation in cave sites from at least the Upper Paleolithic Period, and earlier Lower Paleolithic remains are evident in Yarımburgaz Cave near Istanbul. Rock engravings of animals on the walls of caves near Antalya, on the Mediterranean coast, suggest a relationship with the Upper Paleolithic art of western Europe. Associated with these are rock shelters, the stratified occupational debris of which has the potential finally to clarify the transitional phases between cave-dwelling society and the Neolithic economy of the first agricultural communities."
NëꞋsha-Speaking Anatolians In East AnatoliaWrong: Back in the early 1960s thought that "The gap in the archaeological record between the widely separated Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods was filled by the discovery (1961–65) at Çatalhüyük [Tcha•tal-HōꞋyuck (forked-mound), in southern Anatolia] of a Neolithic settlement that was occupied from the mid-8th to the mid-7th millennium. The discoveries at Çatalhüyük not only amplified but also transformed the whole conception of human behaviour in Neolithic times. In the town, houses were built of sun-dried brick, closely contiguous like the cells of a honeycomb, but each had several rectangular rooms similarly planned and was accessible only by a wooden ladder from its flat roof. The contiguous roofs provided space for the communal life of the inhabitants…The presence of Mediterranean shells and of metal ores and pigments not locally available suggests extensive trade. Undecorated pottery was in use throughout the life of the settlement, its shapes often imitating those of wooden vessels, examples of which were found intact… the peoples of the Anatolian plateau generally played a significant part in the spread of early farming…
"The transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic phase of cultural evolution is thought to have taken place gradually in the late [BCE 7th millennium]. At most sites where its progress can be traced, no perceptible break occurs in the continuity of occupation, and there is little reason to assume any major ethnographic upheaval. Archaeologically, the most conspicuous innovation is the decoration of pottery with coloured paint, a widespread development in western Anatolia. Late periods at Hacılar were characterized by the production of some of the most competently and attractively decorated pottery in prehistoric Anatolia, and in the subsequent middle phase of the Chalcolithic Period polychrome wares were produced in south-central Anatolia and Cilicia. Village architecture of this period is undistinguished…
"Metallurgy was beginning to be understood, and copper was used for pins and simple implements. But there are occasional glimpses of a greater sophistication…"
Even recently also wrong: Until recently, archaeologists thought that "In the Middle East the first indications of the beginning of the Neolithic transition from food gathering to food producing can be dated to approximately [BCE 9000]; the true Neolithic began about [BCE 7300], by which time farming and stock breeding were well established, and lasted until about [BCE 6250]. The Neolithic was succeeded by the Chalcolithic Period, during which metal weapons and tools gradually took their place beside their stone prototypes, and painted pottery came generally into use. The Chalcolithic ended in the middle centuries of the [BCE4th millennium], when the invention of writing foreshadowed the rise of the great dynastic civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia, and was followed by periods of more advanced metalworking known as the Early and Middle Bronze Ages."
Göbekli Tepe has been scientifically dated to ≈BCE 10K. Such complex design & construction could not have been accomplished without the communication to support coordination of numerous diversified efforts: language—at least 4 kiloannia years earlier than an hypothesized "Pre-PIE" (PRE- Proto- INDO-European) language is currently estimated! That is 6½ kiloannia before PIE!!! And Gondwandan-ancestry Anatolian NëꞋsha was Semitic (Shæm), not European (Yã•phꞋët)!!!
As shown later in this page, Gondwanan-ancestry Anatolian NëꞋsha traded with Eur-ASIAN-ancestry India independently of EUR-Asian Europe. The link between Eur-ASIAN and EUR-Asian Europe tracks straight back all the way to EUR-ASIAN ancestry, Pangea! This implies a tandem, parallel, but asynchronous development of language between Gondwanan-ancestry Anatolian NëꞋsha Semitic (Shæm in contrast to EUR-ASIAN ancestry Europe & India. This would eventually lead to an international business pidgin shorthand melding Gondwanan, Pangea-ancestry Semitic with EurAsian, Pangea-ancestry "Indo" (Indian); not PIE (as Greco-Europeans arrogate), but Pre Semitic-"Indo" (Indian) and, ≈8.3 kiloannia later, (≈BCE 1700) Proto Semitic-"Indo" (PSI)—Linear A!
Until recently, no settlement had been discovered "earlier than about [BCE 8000]. The earliest settlements were characterized not only by the domestication of barley and sometimes wheat but also by the absence of pottery and of domestic animals other than the dog… a people living in mud-brick houses with plastered walls and floors, painted and burnished like those in contemporary [Yᵊrikh•ōꞋ]."
– Early Bronze Age (EBA) Anatolia"The first 'settling in' around [ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha ] took place in [BCE 6th millennium] during the Chalcolithic period, when small widely scattered hamlets appeared most particularly on mountain slopes and rocky outcroppings.
While researchers of cuneiform (Assyriologists) have theorized a hypothetical "Proto-Euphratean" language "to be the substratum language of the people who introduced farming into Southern Iraq in the Early Ubaid period (BCE 5300–4700)", NëꞋsha is a very real Anatolian language that meets that criterion and .
The first thing I would point out regarding a number of forwarded theories is that simplistically picking up foreign terms from international trading, which began far earlier than acknowledged, is no indication that one's language derived from that foreign country or language.
Striking similarities in pronunciations paralleling NëꞋsha cuneiform and the earliest, BH: still reflected in MH: today, however, seems more definitive.
For purposes of tracing the origin and development of the NëꞋsha language spoken by the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha Empire, our interest is in the initial (EBA) development of the interior heartland of Western Anatolia—ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha.
From the time that the earliest Anatolian hunter-gatherers began to gravitate to an emerging central village, attracted by nearby water, flint for knives & spearheads and veins of "magic" fire-making God-stone. Additionally, villages with proximity to natural game lands, fishing and travel routes (valleys & rivers) grew faster. Neighboring NëꞋsha-speakers of Anatolia jostled, competed and conflicted to exceed their neighbors in various technologies from advanced pottery techniques to marine & terrestrial construction technology with mind-blowing indoor plumbing and toilets. ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha excelled so far ahead of other peoples & cultures that some modern observers have (foolishly) argued that such an advanced civilization and culture could only be extra-terrestrial aliens! (In fact, the LBAC set all cultures back half a millennium plus. The post-LBAC culture and technology leader, the Greeks, then claimed to have been the origin of civilization, culture, philosophy, science, mathematics and everything good. Following Hellenist lore even in the Christian era, "scholars" even insisted that "Christ" was a Greek-speaking Hellenist! This erroneous argument prevailed until very recently: mass publication of the (BCE 2ⁿᵈ century Hebrew) Dead Sea Scrolls and 21ˢᵗ century CE scientists correcting archaeology!)
Larger cities confederated nearby villages to form city-doms (e.g., KʰãrꞋri, ᴷH•ūrꞋri & ᵏHa•tᵊtū´sha — the Biblical Kit•imꞋ)! Over time, these Anatolian citydoms jostled and confederated into the world's first—land & marine—superpower. ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class merchant marine ships traded throughout all of the Mediterranean islands & coastlands as far west as Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean, then north along the coast into Spain & Portugal—and likely as far north the British Isles; perhaps up the coast as far as Denmark and neighboring Norway.
There seems to be no end of arts-degreed historians' & archaeologists' blindness to pre-LBAC ("pre-Classical") European (Greek) culture, science & technology. Interestingly, if the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha managed to reach Denmark and Norway, they (and after them other ancient mariners) may have learned from the Danes or Norwegians (even the Danes would certainly have known from their neighboring ancestors of the Norse how to navigate in open waters using "optical" (birefringent) crystal calcite (CaCO₃) "Sunstone" in conjunction with the earlier (pre-magnetic) sun compass (אֶבֶן שֶׁמֶשׁ).
Detractors argue that no crystal calcite has ever been discovered on an ancient sunken vessel. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. All available evidence support an otherwise inexplicable method of weeks-long open sea navigation in overcast weather. The Sunstone was used in conjunction with a wooden "sun compass"; and a sun compass was carried on the sunken ship, dated to ≈BCE 1300, 5 mi. off the coast of Ülü Burun, southwestern Turkey.
Even if the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha learned how to navigate with the Sunstone, however, they almost certainly would not have ventured into the violent & hostile North Sea at this early time in naval architecture! On the other hand, this (millennia later) Norse Viking "Sunstone" (even later named Icelandic spar) could explain how the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha navigated the open sea of the Mediterranean before the discovery of the magnetic compass. Yet, the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha are known to have navigated the open waters of the Mediterranean long before discovery of the magnetic compass. So, sunstone compass with plausible science-compatible explanation? Or aliens from space? 
(Further details where to purchase a Sunstone and how to use, and make, a sun compass are available on the net.)
Ancient villages emerged near water sources, especially rivers, along caravan routes and seaports. Many remained commercial trade centers when satellite, often farm, villages sprouted around nearby resources. As predominance followed shifting fortunes among neighboring kã•rūmꞋ-capitals, Anatolia reflected six cities that grew to kã•rūmꞋ-capitals from ≈BCE 3000–≈BCE 1400. These were shifting citydoms pivotal to ancient Eur-Asia (Anatolia) and their maritime merchant fleets and navies, each of which has been variously described as a chronological sequence of separate, as if distinct and unrelated, "kingdom".
)"Late in [BCE 3rd millennium], towards the end of the Early Bronze Age, a [ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha ] settlement developed, marking the beginning of continuous occupation at the site. The [ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha (Hattians)], native Anatolians, called their town [Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha]."
A Brief History of Hattusha/Boğazköy https://archive.is/pvmY; https://archive.is/8x3Q#selection-157.0-161.222
Hauptstadt der Hethiter in Zentralanatolien / Capital of the Hittites in central Anatolia
≈BCE 3000 the Anatolian NëꞋsha began with the indigenous KʰãrꞋri. ≈BCE 1600 their neighbor-city ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha began to predominate; eclipsing and absorbing the KʰãrꞋri. I'm not the only, researcher to independently arrive at this conclusion. "The first thing to realize about the Hittites is that they are not Hittites."
not only became a superpower axis of international trade overland, they formed an international maritime naval and shipping confederation with the (endonym) Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an citydom (later elcipsed and absorbed by their neighbor (endonym) TzūrꞋi•an citydom).
Exonyms: "Neša," "Kanesh", (modern Kültepe in central Turkey), whose caravanners, seafarers and colonists were mislabeled "Minoans"
"The Hittites were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara (before [BCE 1750]), then the Kanesh or NëꞋsha kingdom (c. [BCE 1750–1650]), and next an empire centered on ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha in north-central Anatolia (around [BCE 1650])."
Modern exonyms: "Hattis, Hattians" (Boğazköy, modern Turkey), whose caravanners, seafarers and colonists were mislabeled "Minoans"
Scholars admonish not to confuse () "Hattians" with (Anatolian) "Hittites", as they've become confused. However, the "peoples" in this list are all Anatolian citydoms, most from central Anatolia, who shared the NëꞋsha language, gods and much culture. That they were rival citydoms within a greater peoplehood, sharing wider economic and trade interests seems to have eluded modern researchers nurturing a bias need to discount the record of Ta•na״khꞋ. Indeed, I venture, these peoples were, in the Ta•na״khꞋ view, the Kit•imꞋ, who designed and built the Kit•imꞋ-class ships and the advanced technology and culture misidentified by modern "Indiana Jones" explorers as "the Minoans"; aka the "Hittites". Differentiations and distinctions among the peoples of these various Anatolian kã•rūmsꞋ, while real, seem to have been greatly exaggerated.
on the far northwest coastal frontier of Eur-Asia (bordering Greece & Europe)
Proto-Indo-European (commonly PIE) Error: Proto-Indo wasn't European, it was result of Khattusha merchant trade, via Israel, to Vaypura, India: Linear A! Ergo, corrected to PSI (Proto Semitic-Indo!
Troy was a significant buffer between PSI and Hellenist Greece to the west and north of Central Eur-Asia (Anatolia) vs Proto-Semitic Assyria on the east and Egypt to the south. Thus, Central Eur-Asian interior caravan traders and its southwestern coastlands' combined maritime confederation of Kit•imꞋ-class sailing and naval ships were economically motivated to transact business and international diplomacy seamlessly and on a regular basis among national clients in 3 classes of Mediterranean Basin languages: varieties of PSI and Egyptian as well as several varieties of their own Semitic language. At first, the PSI language—beyond Troy—was of lesser importance to interior Anatolia and its southern Mediterranean coasts than their immediate, Semitic, neighbor and, to a lesser extent, their southern, Egyptian, trading partners.
From the perspective of the post-LBAC Hellenist Greeks, the western coastlands of Eur-Asia (Anatolia) were Ægean coastlands. Hellenist hegemony over the Ægean islands was initially projected onto Anatolia's western coasts beginning in the south of Anatolia's western coast. These areas of Hellenist encroachment financially motivated Anatolia's economic and diplomatic dealings in PSI.
With the fall of Troy on Anatolia's northwest coast to Greece ≈BCE 1200, however, for all intents and purposes the Greeks completed their hegemony over the west coastlands of Anatolia. As a result, the interior and southern kã•rūmsꞋ of Anatolians felt the immediate economic and diplomatic need both to draw together for defensive and economic strength and to communicate and trade directly and more frequently in PSI Greek; in parallel with the language of their fellow Proto-Semitic trade partners to the east (importantly, the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-Tzūrians) and their southern client, Egypt. It's likely that, over time, daily usage resulted in internalization of various aspects of the 3 language groups; most specifically related to merchant financial accounting records. This seems to correlate with their development of Linear-A, followed by Linear-B, documenting this linguistic evolution of the world's first international-trade pidgin language—and, most importantly, identifying the Anatolian people, with their world-leading, next-level technology and culture that astounds modern researchers, who shared, and are defined by, their central-Anatolian NëꞋsha language.
For most intents and purposes, the fall of Troy to the Hellenists completed the Greeks control of the western Anatolian coastlands, accelerating the influence of PSI in Anatolian economic trade and their Proto-Semitic language.
The Hellenist completion of hegemony over their western coast would certainly have intensely motivated interior and southern Anatolia toward unifying against their common Hellenist economic frenemy. This seems to be the nucleus of a greater confederation of Anatolian interior and southern coastal peoples, both land caravan merchants and maritime shipping spanning the Mediterranean Basin and Atlantic Ocean ports in Portugal and Spain (all via Kit•imꞋ-class sailing ships as described in Ta•na״khꞋ)!
Modern exonyms: "Lukkans, Luqqans or Lucans"; whose Anatolian colonists (including colonies on KᵊrēꞋtë who, beginning during WW-II, were mislabeled by arts-degreed archaeologist Arthur Evans as "Minoans".
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 ≈BCE 1600 Kit•imꞋ—Interior NW Anatolia leading pottery technology: terracota vase, wedding musicians & dancers (İnandık, Turkey) |  ≈BCE1700-1600 Phaistos, Crete—inferior, trickled-down Kit•imꞋ-Cretan colonists pottery technology: 23cm post-Kamares "Middle Minoan 3a" vase (Herakleion Archaeological Museum) |
Modern exonyms: Luvian or Luish.
"Luwian" is known from Cuneiform Luwian (CLuwian) and Hieroglyphic Luwian (HLuwian). Coeval trends in international power and trade suggest that these were pidgin adaptations of Kit•imꞋ , hybridizing a pidgin, international-trade language.
The municipal symbol of the Luwians was the proto-Semitic Akkadian ãlꞋëph: 
wild bull (storm-god). This is the terminus ad quem of the national bull storm-god symbol of the Anatolian Kit•imꞋ, whose perhaps Hellenist-leaning colonists (including KᵊrēꞋtë) were probably also generally mislabeled "Minoans".
Concluding that "Luwians" weren't (nebulous) "Hittites" because they were described as enemies of (other nebulous) "Hittites" is tantamount to saying that the Civil War Confederacy demonstrates that the southern states were never part of America.
Modern exonyms: "Hattusans" aka "Hittites", whose caravanners, seafarers and colonists were mislabeled "Minoans"
≈BCE 2599–2450≈BCE 3300–2300 ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha (aka misnomers "Hattis", "Hatti", "Hattians"); Their main centre was the city of ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha ("Hattush"). Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European. ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha neighbored NëꞋsha, arguably spoke, and characteristically fits, the NëꞋsha language (misnomer: "Hattic").
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia ≈BCE 2800-1720 NëꞋsha ≈BCE 2500–1780 Hatti NëꞋsha language ≈BCE 1700–1180 ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha language ⁞ ≈BCE 1180–700 ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha Indo-European The Bronze Age in the Near East can be conveniently divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below are solely applicable to the Near East and thus not applicable universally.[7][8][9]
NëꞋsha (Kanesh, modern Kültepe ("Ash Mound"), NëꞋsha (≈modern Kayseri) Province; Semitic-IndoEuropean hybrid NëꞋsha language evolved over the BCE 3rd millenium into the Indo-European still-NëꞋsha (≈BCE 1400–1200) Linear A and Linear B language of the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha
 Linear A 043x30.png "Nëshi (Linear A cuneiform)"){kind=small}
(NëꞋsha); central Anatolian city & their language: BCE 3rd millennium–LBAC autochthonous capital city of the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha & particularly their NëꞋsha language.
(Anatolian NëꞋsha Citydom )"Levant" is simply a modern French appellation, meaning "east"! The earliest name for the eastern Mediterranean land that became Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ is the Semitic Hebrew-Aramaic "hã-ÃrꞋëtz". The aboriginal, autochthonal people of hã-ÃrꞋëtz were the Semites.
(In parallel, this was also the critical time when hã-ÃrꞋëtz was fusing Eurasia and Africa; i.e. Egypt) of the southern Mediterranean coastlands.
It should be noted that the superior culture and technology of Anatolia (western Turkey) created the world's leading technology in marine architecture, building the most seaworthy ships on the planet. Kit•imꞋ ships sailed the entirety of the Mediterranean and through what is today the Strait of Gibralter out into the Atlantic Ocean north to Portugal and Spain.
The timber best suited for marine shipbuilding, however, was cedar; and most of the cedar was a resource of the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•ans (later predominated by their fellow-citydom, the Tzūrians, i.e. modern Lebanon). Furthermore, the Kit•imꞋ were the most advanced civilization, including the mining and maritime exporting of God Stone. Their exports and international shipping and trade made them the wealthiest and first maritime superpoweer of the ancient world. Yet, the Tzūrians held a monopoly on their most coveted need—the Tzūrian Phoenix-bird color of royal burgundy dye, the only color befitting their eminence.
These are the elements that shaped the early Mediterranean world, with their trading ports (cultural and religious influence) dotting all of its coastlands.
NëꞋsha was the first citydom to grow into a provincedom, predominating what is today the heartland of western Turkey. Most importantly, the NëꞋsha language would evolve and predominate through several adjoining provinces that would come to predominate NëꞋsha City as their capital—adopting the NëꞋsha language. This series of provincedoms evolved into a kingdom empire what we know in English by the misnomwer "Hittites". Biblical Israel knew them by their Semitic name—the Kit•imꞋ (bᵊReish•itꞋ 10.4).
Among their many port-centric trading colonies across the Mediterranean Sea and its coastlands, the Kit•imꞋ established a semi-autonomous colony on the island of Kᵊrē•të.
Several successive (Anatolian ) ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha "empires" appear to be more of a shift in dominance among neighboring Anatolian citydoms tied together by their need to communicate via an evolving NëꞋsha language; differing more in dialect than genetic differences.
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[which moved to Nesha?
Hittites (Ḫa-at-tu-ša / 𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭) Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan [["in later periods the Hittites themselves used the form Ḥatti for both the country and its capital when they wrote Akkadian, but Ḥattuša, also in both usages, when writing Hittite, while an adjective, Ḥattili, was derived from the short form. … despite the title King of [cuneiform could not be found; guessed from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(Unicode_block)] 𒋢 Kuš 𒊹 šar, Neša seems to have been the royal residence"] https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hittites] were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara [city] [location uncertain, surmised to be SSE of Nesha city [modern site of Kültepe], which is SE of ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha [modern Boğazköy, city]; wiki/Hittites;
≈BCE 10,000–2,500 to CE times, important Kʰatti → Kʰattusha → Kʰurri → Kʰarri city – wiki/Kültepe;
Hattians, Hattian, was a non-Indo-European agglutinative… their land, language and capital city (Hatti, Hattili, Hattush) are debated among scholars. Later conquerors (Hittites) did not change the name of the city (Hattush). – wiki/Hattians; ]
The earliest known, perhaps autochthonous, KʰatꞋti were succeeded by the ᵏHa•tᵊtū´sha. The xKhurri# KʰãrꞋri and their successor were, successively, NëꞋsha-speakers geographically (and linguistically) located between Hellenic (Greek) Aegean (Cycladic) islands to their west, Semitic peoples to their east and south, and (clockwise further south around to the eastern south coast of the Mediterranean Basin) the Egyptians. Geographically located ideally to pursue international trade, NëꞋsha-speakers enjoyed natural resources to produce and sell ((before matches) Firegod-stone (pyrite), copper, gold, and later, iron.
≈BCE 2300–1750≈BCE 2300 ᴷH•ãrꞋrian (people & language): "neither Semitic nor Indo-European." no classification "generally accepted" (spoken by later Mitannis); Atalshen tablet exhibits Mesopotamian-Semitic (Hattian not Indo-European; wiki/Hattians) deity names.; Mitanni… ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha and other Hittite centres… Khurrian texts… these represent dialects of one language. [Neshan] Another Hurrian dialect… wiki/Hurrian_language;
The ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha (transgarbled to "Hittites") were "an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the [BCE 2nd millennium]". They "first occupied central Anatolia, making their capital at [ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha; transgarbled to "Hattusa"].
𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 (Kū•atᵊ•tū•sha, i.e. ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha) "Hittites" Kanesh or Nesha kingdom; wiki/Hittites)
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< !-- ≈BCE 1600–1360 (to ≈BCE 1180 splintered, BCE 8ᵗʰ century? wiki/Hittites): ᴷH•ãrꞋrian (of Mitanni); ("Hittite" cuneiform: 𒆳𒌷𒈪𒋫𒀭𒉌;; aka 𒈪𒀉𒋫𒉌 (Mi•it•ta•ni)) wiki/Mitanni; capital of Khurrian-Mitanni: Wassukkani (unk general vicinity of modern Diyarbakir, SE Turkey) -- >
From earliest times, Anatolia confederated with neighboring Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ (later eclipsed by their own neighboring citydom, Tzūr) to combine the seaworthy timber of Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•a's vast cedar forests, leading nautical architecture, shipbuilding technology, maritime navigation knowledge and widely sought-after tᵊkheilꞋët dyed textiles—soon to be known in Greek as Φοίνιξ) to expand Anatolia's natural resources, especially inter alia "magic" (i.e. pre-Bic & pre-matches) Firegod-stone (pyrite) and tin (essential to produce bronze from copper).
 cargo ship underwater Uluburun port stern 0350x225.png "BCE1330-1300 Tarshish-Class (Khatushan-Kitim-Tzurim) cargo ship underwater Uluburun port stern") |
 cargo ship underwater Uluburun port stern 1860x1200.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} BCE1330-1300 Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (Khatushan-Kitim-Tzurim) cargo shipwreck; underwater photo, from the port stern (showing rudder attachment) of a full-scale, seagoing, identically replicated sister-ship, apparently the Uluburun 2, deliberately sunk for research purposes |
Ülü Burun, ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (≈BCE 1330; 15m {50'} length, 5m {16½'} beam shipwreck; discovered ≈5 mi (≈8 km) south of Ülü Burun off Turkey\'s southwest Mediterranean coast.
headed west, American archaeologist Michael Frachetti from Washington University in St. Louis and his collaborators recently made a remarkable discovery, which was published in the scientific journal Science Advances at the end of November. Through advanced geochemical analyzes using isotopes, researchers have determined that about a third of the tin that was part of the Uluburn wreck's cargo came from ancient mines near Karnab in present-day southeastern Uzbekistan, ≈3,200 kilometers away from the port where the tin was loaded onto the ill-fated ship. The remaining two-thirds of the cargo's tin comes from mines in the Taurus Mountains in present-day Turkey.
https://www.stoplusjednicka.cz/nalezy-z-3000-let-stareho-vraku-lodi-uluburun-odhaluji-slozitou-obchodni-sit; 360 Degree Historical Studies Association; https://360derece.info/kas-sualti/; https://360derece.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Basliksiz-2-9.jpg;
⅓ of the tin cargo in the hold of the near Uluburun, Turkey was determined by geochemical isotope analysis at Washington Univ. to have come from Uzbekistan (Science Advances, 2022.11;
 cargo ship sailing-replica starbd Uluburun 0350x250.png "BCE1330-1300 Tarshish-Class—the model (Khatushan-Kitim-Tzurim) cargo ship sailing-replica starbd Uluburun shipwreck") |
 cargo ship sailing-replica starbd Uluburun 1362x1000.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Identical full-scale, sea-going, Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshian-Kit•imꞋ-TzurꞋian) merchant sister-ship of the Uluburun shipwreck, the Uluburun 2 sails the Mediterranean. Note the spars of the square sail could be rotated about the mast, and adjusted to a dipping-lug rig—offering the ability to tack into the wind. |
"While Uluburun sailed the seas, the world-famous bust of Nefertiti was made in Egypt. Odysseus returned home from his long odyssey. The Egyptian Pharaoh Echnaton [Akhen-Aten's reign ended 36 years earlier] established the first monotheistic religion [having emulated aspects of Israeli monotheism established in Israel over 2 centuries before him]. He and his Queen, Nefer-titi established the pattern of making changes de convenance to the Israeli Tōr•ãhꞋ, thereby displacing Tōr•ãhꞋ with a similar-looking counterfeit – inventing the pattern-jig from which, millennia later, the Apostates Paul and Muhammed would form their respective displacement mythologies. Establishing a solarcentric monotheism, he and Akhen-Aten invented sun(day)-worship. Moses’ successor Joshua led the Israelites [Israel was ruled by our 2nd Shopheit, , 153 years after the death of Yehoshua Bin-Nun] and the Hittites [Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshans, having earlier] dominated an area five times larger than Germany [were, along with the entire Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea, suffering the effects of the LBAC]. These were turbulent times from Haithabu to Karnak, as well as at Cape Uluburun on the southern Turkish coast, and this is where a merchant ship with a cargo of priceless goods sank to its grave."
Rico Besserdich. Uluburun – Oldest Shipwreck In the World. 2018.10.20. Underwater360.
https://www.uw360.asia/uluburun-oldest-shipwreck-in-the-world/
By ≈BCE 14th century, a Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (a Ship of Kit•imꞋ) making a routine Mediterranean maritime trading circuit, has been found to have been carrying cargo from Kᵊrē•të to modern Uzbekistan.
for their nautical architecture and ship construction technology (as well as their in an international trade system spanning the entire Mediterranean Basin, up the Adriatic Sea into Europe, likely across the Black; soon stretching from modern Portugal across the Caspian Sea into what is now modern who, based on their wealth of cedar, were technology leaders in nautical architecture and ship construction, who exported throughoout the Mediterranean Basin in their to vanguard international commerce Geographically located at the vortex of Mesopotamian, Persian, Semitic, European, infant Greek and Egyptian languages,
It was the NëꞋsha language that fused together 2 chronologically successive neighboring, yet distinct, central Anatolian citydom-empires as NëꞋsha-speakers. While historians and archaeologists distinguished among Anatolian provinces and dialects ("Harrians", "Hattians", "Mittanis", "Luwians", etc.), they then confused and inconsistently conflated them; sometimes grouping them in different ways, and other times lumping them all together—as "Hittites"—where NëꞋsha-speakers, or NëꞋsha is the accurate distinction.
"By [BCE 1340] they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East.
In 1982, offshore from Ülü Burun, on the SW Mediterranean coast of Turkey (but at a depth of 44–52m, 140–170'), a local sponge diver Mehmed Çakir, discovered this BCE 1330-1300 Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan (Kit•imꞋ)–TzūrꞋi•an (Phoenician / "Minoan") merchant shipwreck (original name unknown, dubbed the Uluburun)—astonishingly well preserved. The Uluburun was 15m (50') long, 5m (16½') wide.
imported seaworthy shipbuilding cedar timber to build the first naval and shipping fleet superpower to dominate the entire Mediterranean Basin. Apparently in confederation with the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•ans (later the TzūrꞋi•ans), this confederation constituted the original "Sea Peoples".
 0350x200.png "Port Mormugao (Vaypura, City of Victory), Ophir, India map") |
 0900x500.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Port Mormugao (Ancient Vaypura, "City of Victory"), Hebraized to אוֹפִיר, India map. (Previous assumption, circumnavigating Africa, superfluous; and reconfirms, yet again, Ta•na״khꞋ! ) |
By the time of ShᵊlōmꞋōh ha-MëlꞋëkh (≈BCE 1080–1040), Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha merchant marine and navy plied the entire Mediterranean Sea; south and west as far as Egypt and Gibraltar while a joint venture with Israeli ShᵊlōmꞋōh ha-MëlꞋëkh extended their eastern ports as far as India! This was achieved by offloading the Lebanese cedar at Port Ashqelon, then ox-carting the cedar overland to the shore of the Gulf of Eilat. ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha (Hebraized to Kit•imꞋ) ship-builders then built a small fleet of Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class ships that sailed as far as Port Vaypura, on India's west coast!
not Proto Indo-EurAsian (PIE) Hellenist Linear-A & Linear-B"The language is preserved in two closely related but distinct forms, one using [Akkadian (Proto-Semitic)] cuneiform script and the other using [Proto-Semitic Egyptian-Like] hieroglyphic writing."
The most likely explanation for this paralleling of written "NëꞋsha" is a parallel need for this Mediterranean maritime superpower merchant-trading and naval fleet is to adapt and adopt to the languages of the Mediterranean coastal people—primarily Proto-Semitic along the southeastern basin vs ancient Hellenist (Greek) Indo-European in the northwestern Mediterranean Basin. The need for a business accounting language for such a trade-centric economy is self-evident. Over time, a hybrid pidgin trade language evolved, as evidenced in Linear-A, followed by Linear-B.
However, taken together, the name Ophir, that 2 of the list of products were only available in India, not East Africa (eliminating East Africa), and the similar appearance of the Linear A & B to Indo, strong a priori evidence insinuating that the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha/ Kit•imꞋ Confederation sailed to the heart of India among their trading expeditions.
Gold
almug/algum wood
sandalwood
ivory
monkey
peacock
"Gold, almug (or algum) wood (i.e., sandalwood), ivory, monkeys, and peacocks… ¶ …the Jewish historian Josephus and St. Jerome evidently understood that India was the location of Ophir [אוֹפִיר]. The Hebrew words for the products of Ophir may be derived from Indian languages; furthermore, sandalwood and peacocks are commonly found in India, whereas, at least in modern times, they do not exist in East Africa." https://www.britannica.com/place/Ophir
 Mandovi River (Dusk) 350x235.png "Ophir (Vaypura, City of Victory) Mandovi River (Dusk)") |
 Mandovi River (Dusk) 640x424.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Mandovi River at Dusk. Navigable most of the way from the coastal port (now Port Mormugao) to Ophir by Kit•imꞋ ships; not a tiny stream. |
Indic names for Gold, almug (or algum) wood (i.e., sandalwood), ivory, monkeys, and peacocks
If Ophir were in E Africa (Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia) then we'd be speaking about Afro-European languages. Instead, however, we speak of INDO-European languages—that are elucidated by ᴷH•ãrꞋrians Linear A. A priori, "Ships of Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (Luwian province or dialect of Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha Neshan language)" constructed of Tzurian cedar, by ᴷH•ãrꞋrian-Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshans (Hebr Kittim) captained and manned by Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan sailors, sailed regular expeditions to India—not East Africa. Hence, Indo-European, not Afro-European. Also explains why Linear A was a Semitic-Indo-Hellenic, international pidgin commercial language.
Each in their zenith ruled not only Anatolia (modern west Turkey), but (apparently obtaining seaworthy cedar timber in quantity in cooperation with their budding neighboring Semitic-language Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an citydom—later eclipsed and succeeded by their own neighboring citydom of Tzūr) established the first maritime naval and shipping superpower over the entire Mediterranean Basin—colonizing its coaslands into the Adriatic Sea and Southern Europe as well as along the Atlantic Coasts of Spain, Portugal and perhaps northward. While overland shipping of Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an cedar to their northern shores may have been prohibitive, future studies might determine whether their maritime naval and shipping dominance extended into the Black Sea as well.
 0350x350.png "Linear A Clay tablet Zakro Palace, ArchMus Sitia, Crete)") |
 0750x750.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Linear A clay tablet (Zakro Palace, Archaeological Museum Sitia, Crete) |
These 2 images only suggest that the Anatolian international pidgin Linear A & B may have similarities, and connections, to Indo. These 2 aren't intended to equate.
The earliest inscriptions of Linear A come from Phaistos, in a layer dated at the end of the Middle Minoan II period: that is, no later than c. 1700 BC. Linear A texts have been found throughout the island of Crete and also on some Aegean islands (Kythera, Kea, Thera, Melos), in mainland Greece (Ayos Stephanos), on the west coast of Asia Minor (Miletus, Troy), and in the Levant (Tel Haror). Woudhuizen, Fred C. (2016). Documents in Minoan Luwian, Semitic, and Pelasgian. Amsterdam: Nederlands Archeologisch Historisch Genootschap. ISBN 9789072067197. OCLC 1027956786. 20230228. wiki/Linear_A
Becoming the naval and shipping power throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where they established coastal port colonies, including Kᵊrē•të and Qū•pᵊr•yꞋ, caused another, unintended, but far-reaching influence that determines our languages and alphabets today. To meet the needs of their international trade they had to develop a method of communicating contracts and basic records of transactions with all of the languages of their far-flung clientele. This required a bare-bones, hybrid pidgin understandable to each of their various-language international trading partners; from Egyptian counterclockwise to the Semites, to Greece and beyond. The result: Linear-A, predominantly hybridizing minimal Greek with minimal MSHPA, minimal Egyptian hieroglyphics—and minimal Indian.
The language of the The world's first world trade superpower NëꞋsha is the place where the earliest record of a definitively proto-Semitic ("Proto-Euphratean") language has been found, Hittite, dated to the 20th century BC. residents of NëꞋsha, attested in the NëꞋsha language (not "Cretan") Linear-A (and later in Linear-B) international commercial pidgin cuneiform, bound together the indigenous Anatolian (western Turkey) first naval and maritime shipping and trade superpower citydom of the Mediterranean Basin, the ᴷH•ãrꞋrians, with their nearby Anatolian successor citydom (≈BCE 1600 & Linear-B), the Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshans.
The continuity of naval and maritime hegemony over the Mediterranean Basin between the ᴷH•ãrꞋrian and successor Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan Anatolians, conventionally conflated to "Sea Peoples" ("Hurrians", Hattians", Hittites, Minoans,et al.), are more accurately (and simply) described collectively as "NëꞋsha" (speakers). It is then far easier to distinguish between the NëꞋsha Semitic and the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ-TzūrꞋ Semitic dialects. …
 276x130.png "cBCE3500-1900 Indus script (5 char Indus Valley seal impr Brit Mus)") |
| ≈BCE3500-1900 Indo script (5 characters, Indus Valley seal impression, British Museum) |
 276x130.png "Indus seal script (Linear A hybrid example)") |
| Indo seal script hybridized with Linear A (Linear A is read left-to-right): "For [name-cartouche, leftmost symbol]: [2]•[shoulder-yokes-of]•[tū]•[ō]" |
qqqParohs 00 worksites remaining below
The Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan–Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an Confederation is most notable for their Ta•rᵊshishꞋ-Class (Ship of Kit•imꞋ & TzūrꞋi•ans, aka Φοίνιξ, "Phoenicians") naval and shipping hegemony over the entire Mediterranean Basin—known in modern times as "the Sea People"! One modern art-adventurer archaeologist concocted a completely fictional name for the Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshans (i.e. "Minoans") and subsequent researchers and scholars have followed like lemmings.
Pay it forward! Quote & Cite:
| Yirmeyahu Ben-David. Neshan Language (2024.11.30). Netzarim Jews Worldwide (Ra'anana, Israel). https://www.netzarim.co.il/Glossary/Neshan language.htm (Access date). |
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